This is the Multiple Choice Questions in Professional Education part 9 as one coverage of Licensure Examinations for Teachers (LET). The exam is divided into two classifications. First is the elementary level exam which covers topics from General Education (GenEd) 40% and Professional Education (ProfEd) 60%. Secondly is the secondary level which covers GenEd 20%, ProfEd 40% and area of specialization 40%. I assume you are looking for a reviewer that will help you achieve your goal to become a professional License teacher very soon. Yes, you are in the right place to make your dream come true. Make sure to familiarize each and every questions to increase the chance of passing the Licensure Examinations for Teachers (LET).
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION (Elementary and Secondary) Coverage
- Teaching Profession, Social Dimensions of Education
- Principles of Teaching, Educational Technology, Curriculum Development
- Facilitating Learning, Child and Adolescent Development
- Assessment of Student Learning, Developmental Reading
- Field Study, Practice Teaching
Choose the letter of the best answer in each questions.
1. Research on Piagetian tasks indicates that thinking becomes more logical and abstract as children reach the formal operation stage. What is an educational implication of this finding?
A. Engage children in analogical reasoning as early as preschool to train them for higher order thinking skills (HOTS)
B. Learners who are not capable of logical reasoning from ages 8 to 11 lag behind in their cognitive development
C. Let children be children
D. Expect hypothetical reasoning for learners between 12 to 15 years of age
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
ExplanationThe educational implication of the finding that thinking becomes more logical and abstract as children reach the formal operation stage is that educators should expect hypothetical reasoning from learners between 12 to 15 years of age. This is because learners in this age range are typically in the formal operational stage of cognitive development, where they are capable of abstract and hypothetical thinking. By expecting hypothetical reasoning, educators can encourage learners to develop their higher-order thinking skills, which are essential for success in academic and real-world contexts. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. It is important for educators to understand the cognitive development of their learners to provide appropriate instruction and support for their growth.
2. Research says: “People tend to attribute their successes to internal causes and their failures to external causes.” Based on this finding, what should be taught to students for them to be genuinely motivated to succeed?
A. Tell them the research finding when applied will make them genuinely motivated
B. Convince them that genuine motivation is the only factor that matters for a person to succeed
C. Make them realize that failure is a part of life
D. Make them realize that both success and failure are more a function of internal causes
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
ExplanationResearch shows that people tend to attribute their successes to internal factors such as their abilities, skills and efforts, while they tend to attribute their failures to external factors such as bad luck, difficult circumstances or other people's actions. This phenomenon is known as the self-serving bias and it can have negative consequences on individuals' motivation, self-esteem and resilience. Therefore, it is important to teach students to recognize and overcome this bias in order to be genuinely motivated to succeed.
One effective way to do so is to make them realize that failure is a natural and inevitable part of life, and that it does not define their worth or potential. By reframing failure as a learning opportunity and a stepping stone to success, students can develop a growth mindset that values effort, persistence and resilience over innate talent or external factors. Moreover, by acknowledging the role of internal factors in both success and failure, students can take more responsibility for their actions and outcomes, and become more proactive and self-directed in pursuing their goals. Therefore, option C is the best answer to the question.
3. Which characterize/s a learning environment that promotes fairness among learners of various cultures, family background and gender?
I. Inclusive
II. Exclusive
III. Gender-sensitive
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and III
D. II and III
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
ExplanationCreating a learning environment that promotes fairness among learners of various cultures, family background, and gender is essential for ensuring that every student has an equal opportunity to succeed. An inclusive and gender-sensitive environment is necessary for achieving this goal. Inclusivity creates a sense of belongingness and acceptance among students, regardless of their cultural or family background. It promotes respect for diversity, and students can learn from each other's experiences and perspectives. Gender-sensitivity ensures that every student is treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their gender. It also ensures that there are no gender-based biases or stereotypes that can limit a student's potential. Therefore, option C, "I and III," characterize a learning environment that promotes fairness among learners of various cultures, family background, and gender.
4. Which of the following steps should be completed first in planning an achievement test?
A. Define the instructional objective
B. Set up a table of specialization
C. Select the types of test items to use
D. Decide on the length of the test
VIEW ANSWER
Option A
ExplanationWhen planning an achievement test, the first step should be to define the instructional objective. This will help determine what knowledge or skills the test should assess. Once the objective is defined, the test developer can then determine the appropriate types of test items to use, the length of the test, and other important details. Setting up a table of specialization and selecting the types of test items to use can come after the instructional objective has been established. It is important to have a clear understanding of what the test should measure before moving on to these other steps. By starting with a well-defined objective, the test developer can create a test that accurately measures the intended knowledge or skills.
5. The computed r for scores in Math and Science is 0.92. What does this mean?
A. Math score is positive related to Science score
B. The higher the Math score, the lower the Science score
C. Math score is not in any way related to Science score
D. Science score is slightly related to Math score
VIEW ANSWER
Option A
Explanation
6. Which types of test is most appropriate if Teacher Yanny wants to measure student’s ability to organize thoughts and ideas?
A. Short answer type of test
B. Extended response essay
C. Modified alternative response
D. Limited response essay
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationThe computed r value of 0.92 indicates a strong positive correlation between the scores in Math and Science. This means that as the scores in Math increase, the scores in Science also tend to increase. Option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because it suggests a negative correlation between the two scores, which is not supported by the given r value. Option C is also incorrect because a strong correlation exists between the two scores. Option D is incorrect because a correlation coefficient of 0.92 is not considered as "slightly related".
7. If I want to hone my student’s meta-cognitive ability, which is most fit?
A. Drill
B. Debate
C. Brainstorming
D. Journaling
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
ExplanationIf you want to improve your student's meta-cognitive ability, journaling would be the best option. This is because journaling requires the student to reflect on their own thoughts and thought processes, which in turn helps them become more aware of how they learn and think. By regularly writing down their thoughts and reflecting on their learning experiences, students can develop a deeper understanding of their own cognitive processes, which can help them become more effective learners in the long run. While debates, brainstorming, and drills can also be useful for learning, journaling has been found to be one of the most effective techniques for developing students' meta-cognitive abilities.
8. I want to test student’s synthesizing skills. Which has the highest diagnostic value?
A. Multiple choice test
B. Performance test
C. Essay test
D. Completion test
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
9. Here is a test item:
_________ is an example of leafy vegetable.
Why is this test item poor?
I. The test item does not pose a problem to the examinee
II. There are variety of possible correct answer to this item
III. The language used in the question is not precise
IV. The blank is near the beginning of a sentence
A. I and III
B. II and IV
C. I and IV
D. I and II
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationWhen it comes to testing a student's synthesizing skills, the essay test has the highest diagnostic value. This is because an essay test requires students to not only recall information but also analyze, interpret and synthesize it to create a cohesive and logical response. Essay tests also allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of a student's thought process and writing skills. While multiple choice tests, performance tests, and completion tests may have their own value in assessing certain skills, they may not provide the same level of insight into a student's ability to synthesize information. Therefore, if you want to test a student's synthesizing skills, an essay test could be the most effective option.
10. Joanne’s score is within x±1 SD. To which of the following groups does she belong?
A. Below average
B. Average
C. Needs Improvement
D. Above average
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationBased on the given information, Joanne’s score is within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean. This means that her score falls within the middle range of scores, which is considered average. Therefore, the answer is option B.
11. Here is a test item:
What follows is a multiple type of test. Some test items _______.
a. are too difficult
b. are objective
c. are poorly constructed
d. have multiple defensible answers.
What makes the multiple choice type of test poor?
A. The options are not grammatically connected to the stem
B. The stem fails to present a problem
C. There are grammatical clues
D. The options are not parallel
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationThe given text presents a multiple-choice test item and then asks a question about the flaws of a multiple-choice test. The answer to the question is provided as option B: "The stem fails to present a problem." This means that a good multiple-choice test item should present a clear problem or question that the student needs to solve or answer.
TMultiple-choice tests can be poor if the stem (the initial part of the test item) is unclear, too long, or presents more than one problem. Additionally, the options should be grammatically and thematically parallel to each other and to the stem. If the options are not parallel, then the test item may be confusing or misleading. It is essential to construct well-written test items to ensure that students have a fair and accurate assessment of their knowledge and skills.
12. If Teacher Betty wants to measure her students’ ability to discriminate, which of these is an appropriate type of test item as implied by the direction?
A. “Outline the Chapter on The Cell.”
B. “Summarize the lesson yesterday.”
C. “Group the following items according to shape.”
D. “State a set of principle that can explain the following events.”
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
ExplanationTo measure a student's ability to discriminate, an appropriate type of test item as implied by the direction is option C, “Group the following items according to shape.” This type of test item requires the student to differentiate and categorize items based on a specific characteristic or attribute. This skill is essential for effective problem-solving and critical thinking, making it an important aspect of a student's learning and assessment. Option A, “Outline the Chapter on The Cell,” tests the student's ability to comprehend and recall information. Option B, “Summarize the lesson yesterday,” tests the student's ability to synthesize and condense information. Option D, “State a set of principle that can explain the following events,” tests the student's ability to generalize and apply knowledge.
13. A test item has a difficult index of 0.89 and a discrimination index of 0.44. What should the teacher do?
A. Reject the item
B. Revise the item
C. Make it a bonus item
D. Make it a bonus item and reject it
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationBased on the given information, the test item has a high level of difficulty and a moderate level of discrimination. The teacher should revise the item in order to make it more accessible to students while still measuring their skills and knowledge effectively. Simply rejecting the item would eliminate potentially valuable information, while making it a bonus item would not address the issue of difficulty. Therefore, revising the item is the best option for improving the overall quality of the test.
14. Which form of assessment is consistent with the saying “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.”
A. Contrived
B. Authentic
C. Traditional
D. Indirect
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationThe saying “The proof of the pudding is in the eating” suggests that the best way to judge the quality or effectiveness of something is through direct experience. This is consistent with the concept of authentic assessment, which involves evaluating a student’s ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world contexts. Authentic assessment can take many forms, such as projects, portfolios, or performance tasks. In contrast, contrived assessments are designed solely for the purpose of testing, while traditional assessments rely on standardized tests or multiple-choice questions. Indirect assessments, on the other hand, measure a student’s knowledge or skills through proxies, such as observing behavior or analyzing artifacts. Therefore, option B, authentic assessment, is the most consistent with the saying “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.”
15. Here is a test item:
Who is best admired for outstanding contribution to world peace?
a. Kissinger c. Kennedy
b. Clinton d. Mother Teresa
What is WRONG with this item?
A. Item is overly specific
B. Content is trivial
C. Test item is option-based
D. There is a cue to the right answer
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationThe provided text contains a test item and an associated question about its validity. The question asks what is wrong with the test item, which presents four options for who is best admired for outstanding contribution to world peace: Kissinger, Kennedy, Clinton, and Mother Teresa. The correct answer to the question is option B, which states that the content is trivial. This is because the test item and its options are subjective and lack empirical evidence to support their validity. Additionally, they do not measure a specific knowledge or skill, making it difficult to evaluate the test taker's understanding or ability in a particular subject area. Therefore, the test item is not a reliable or valid measure of knowledge or skill and should be improved or eliminated from the assessment.
16. A student’s score were as follows: 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 84, 83, 85. The score 84 is the:
A. Mode
B. Average
C. Median
D. Mean
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
ExplanationThe score 84 is the median of the student's scores. To find the median, you need to arrange the scores in order from lowest to highest. In this case, the order would be 82, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 86, 88. Then, you find the middle number, which is 84. Therefore, the answer is option C, median.
17. Which text form would you choose if you want to have a valid and reliable test based on the table below?
| Test Form | Validity Index | Reliability Index |
| A | .47 | .68 |
| B | .87 | .57 |
| C | .20 | .86 |
| D | .40 | .41 |
| E | .63 | .07 |
A. A only
B. B only
C. A and D
D. B and E
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationTo create a valid and reliable test based on the table provided, the best option would be to choose Test Form B. This is because it has the highest validity index of .87, which means that it measures what it is intended to measure. Additionally, it has a reliability index of .57, which means that it produces consistent results over time. While Test Form E also has a high validity index of .63, its reliability index of .07 is too low to ensure consistent results. Therefore, the answer to the question is B only.
18. A mathematician’s test was given to all Grade V pupils to determine the contestants for the Math Quiz Bee. Which statistical measure should be used to identify the top 15?
A. Mean percentage score
B. Quartile Deviation
C. Percentile Rank
D. Percentage Score
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
ExplanationTo determine the top 15 contestants for the Math Quiz Bee among Grade V pupils, the appropriate statistical measure to use is the Percentage Score. This measure will indicate the percentage of correct answers that each student got in the mathematician's test. By using this measure, the top 15 students who obtained the highest percentage scores can be identified and selected for the Math Quiz Bee. The other options, such as mean percentage score, quartile deviation, and percentile rank, may also provide useful information but they are not as effective as the percentage score in identifying the top performers. It is important to use the appropriate statistical measure to ensure that the selection process for the Math Quiz Bee is fair and objective, and that the most competent students are given the opportunity to showcase their knowledge and skills.
19. Use the inbox below to answer the question that follows:
Percentage Grades for Final Examination
Which of the following statement is true about the plot of grades above?
A. The median is a score of 80 and the range is 60
B. The median is a score of 70 and the range is 60
C. The median is a score of 80 and the range is 20
D. The median is a score of 70 and the range is 20
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
ExplanationThe plot above shows the percentage grades for a final examination. The question asks which of the following statements is true about the plot of grades. The correct answer is option C, which states that the median is a score of 80 and the range is 20. The median is the middle score when all the scores are arranged in order, and in this plot, it corresponds to the score of 80. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores, which in this plot is 20. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
20. Which can be said of Nina who obtained a score of 75 out of 100 items in a Grammar objective test?
A. She performed better than 25% of her classmates
B. She answered 75 items in the test correctly
C. Her rating is 75
D. She answered 75% of the test items correctly
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationIf Nina obtained a score of 75 out of 100 items in a Grammar objective test, it means that she answered 75 items in the test correctly. This is the correct answer as stated in option B. The other options are incorrect. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that Nina performed better than only 25% of her classmates, which is not necessarily true since we do not know the scores of her classmates. Option C is incorrect because a rating of 75 is not a common way of representing test scores. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that Nina answered 75% of the test items correctly, which is not true since 75 out of 100 is equivalent to 75%.
21. The criterion of success in Teacher Butch’s objective is that “the pupils must be able to spell 90% of the words correctly”. Student Dave and 24 others in the class spelled only 40 out of 50 words correctly while the rest scored 45 and above. This means that Teacher Butch _____________.
A. attained his lesson objective
B. failed to attain his lesson objective as far as the 25 pupils are concerned
C. did not attain his lesson objective because of the pupils’ lack of attention
D. attained his lesson objective because of his effective spelling drill
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationBased on the given information, Teacher Butch's criterion of success is that "the pupils must be able to spell 90% of the words correctly." However, only 25 pupils out of a class of 50 were able to score 45 and above, which means they spelled at least 90% of the words correctly. The other 25 pupils, including Student Dave, only scored 40 out of 50, which is below the 90% threshold. Therefore, Teacher Butch failed to attain his lesson objective as far as the 25 pupils who scored below 45 are concerned. Option B is the correct answer. It is important for teachers to assess the effectiveness of their teaching methods and adjust them accordingly to ensure that all students are able to meet the learning objectives.
22. Which of these can measure awareness of values?
A. Sociogram
B. Moral dilemmas
C. Projective techniques
D. Rating scales
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
ExplanationWhen it comes to measuring awareness of values, option B - moral dilemmas - is the most appropriate choice out of the given options. Moral dilemmas are scenarios that require individuals to make a decision that challenges their values and ethics. By analyzing an individual's response to a moral dilemma, one can assess their level of understanding and awareness of their own values. Sociograms, projective techniques, and rating scales are useful in measuring other aspects of human behavior and psychology, but not specifically awareness of values.
23. Marking on a normative basis means that:
A. the normal distribution curve should be followed
B. some should fall
C. some get high marks
D. the grading is based on a present criteria
Option B
VIEW ANSWER
24. Which process enhances the comparability of grades?
A. Using a table specifications
B. Determining the level of difficulty of the tests
C. Giving more HOTS (higher order thinking skills)
D. Constructing departmentalized exams for each subject area.
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
25. If the scores of your test follow a negatively skewed score distribution, what should you do? Find out __________?
A. why your items were easy
B. why most of the scores are high
C. why most of the scores are low
D. why some pupils scored high
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
26. Principal Gemma is talking about “grading on the curve” in a faculty meeting. What does this expression refers to?
A. A student’s mark compares his achievement to his effort
B. A student’s grade or mark depends on how his achievement compares with the achievement of other students in a class
C. A student’s grade determines whether or not a student attains a defined standard of achievement
D. A student’s mark tells how closely he is achieving to his potential
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
27. Which tests determine whether students accept responsibility for their own behavior or pass on responsibility for their own behavior to other people?
A. Locus-of-control tests
B. Thematic tests
C. Stylistic test
D. Sentence-completion tests
VIEW ANSWER
Option A
Explanation
28. Which of the following is a weakness of self-supporting personality checklists?
A. Many personality measures have built-in lie scales
B. They lack stability
C. They may not get true information because individuals can hide or disguise feelings
D. They have poor internal consistency
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
Situation 1. (#29 – #31)
In a faculty meeting, the principal told his teacher: “We need to improve our school performance in the National Achievement Test. What should we do?”
The teacher gave varied answers as follows:
1. Let’s give incentives and rewards to students who get a rating of 85%.
2. Let’s teach them to accept complete responsibility for their performance.
3. Let’s make the school environment conducive for learning.
4. Let’s make use of the experimental methods of teaching.
29. Which response/s come/s from a behaviorist?
A. #2 and #4
B. #1 and #2
C. #3 and #4
D. #1 and #3
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
30. On which educational philosophy is response #1 anchored?
A. Existentialism
B. Essentialism
C. Progressivism
D. Bahaviorism
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
31. If you leaned toward a progressivist philosophy, with which response would you agree?
A. #2
B. #3
C. #4
D. #1
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
Situation 2. (#32 – #34)
One principle in the utilization of technology of the classroom is appropriateness of material or activity.
32. Teacher Wilson wants his students to master the concept of social justice. Which series of activities will be most effective?
A. Pretest-teaching-posttest
B. Pretest-teaching-posttest-re-teaching for unlearned concepts-posttest
C. Review-pretest-teaching-posttest
D. Teaching-posttest
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
33. Teacher Raymund likes to show how the launching of spaceships takes place. Which of the following materials available is most fit?
A. Model
B. Mock-up
C. Replica
D. Realia
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
34. Teacher June likes to concretize the abstract concepts of an atom. He came up with a concrete presentation of the atom by using wire and plastic balls. How would you classify Teacher June’s visual aids?
A. Chart
B. Replica
C. Model
D. Realia
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
Situation 3. (#35 – #37)
After reading and paraphrasing Robert Frost’s “Stopping by the Wood on a Snowy Evening.” Mr. Sales asks the class to share any insight derived from the poem.
35. The class was asked to share their insights about the poem. The ability to come up with an insight stems from the ability to:
A. analyze the parts of a whole
B. evaluate the worthiness of a thing
C. relate and organize things and ideas
D. comprehend the subject that is being studied
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
36. To ask the class any insight derived from the poem is based on the theory of:
A. Realism
B. Behaviorism
C. Conditioning
D. Constructivism
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
37. On which assumption about the learner is Mr. Sales’s act of asking the class to share their insight based?
A. Learners are like empty receptacles waiting to be filled up
B. Learners are meant to interact with one another
C. Learners have multiple intelligence and varied learning styles
D. Learners are producers of knowledge not only passive recipients of information
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
Situation 4. (#38 – #40)
Principal Evelyn wants her teachers to apply constructivism in teaching.
38. On which assumption/s is the principal’s action anchored?
I. Students learn by personally constructing meaning of what is taught
II. Students construct and reconstruct meaning based on experiences
III. Students derive meaning from the meaning that the teacher gives
A. II only
B. I and II
C. I, II and III
D. I only
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
39. Which materials will her teachers least prefers?
A. Controversial issues
B. Open-ended topics
C. Unquestionable laws
D. Problem or cases
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
40. Which concept/s of the learner will Principal Evelyn not accept?
I. “Empty vesse!”
II. “Tabula rasa”
III. Candle to be lighted
A. III only
B. I only
C. II only
D. I and II
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
Situation 5. (#41 – #43)
Study the matching type of test then answer the 3 questions that follow:
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. equilateral triangle
2. right triangle 3. octagon 4. pentagon 5. heptagon 6. poly |
A. With 3 equal sides
B. With 5 equal sides C. Has 90- degree angle D. Means many E. With 7 sides F. With 8 sides |
41. How can you make the items homogeneous?
A. Increase the number of items in Column B
B. All items should be on polygons
C. Remove the word triangle in items #1 and #2 in column A
D. The word “gon” must be included in column B
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
42. What is the main defect of this matching test?
A. The matching type is an imperfect type
B. The items are NOT homogeneous
C. The items quite easy
D. An obvious pattern is followed in the answering
VIEW ANSWER
Option B
Explanation
43. Which should be done to improve the matching type of test?
A. Capitalize the items in Column A
B. Items in Column A and B should be exchanged
C. Drop #6 item in Column A
D. The item in Column A should be increased
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
Situation 6. (#44 – #46)
Below the template for Scoring Rubric.
44. Which of this/these is/are essential in constructing a scoring rubric?
I. Description of criteria to serve as standard
II. Clear descriptions of performance at each level
III. Levels of achievement (mastery)
IV. Rating scheme
A. I, II and III
B. I and II
C. I, II, III and IV
D. I only
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
45. Which statement is true of the rubric?
A. It is developmental
B. It is analytical
C. It is both holistic and developmental
D. It is holistic
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
Explanation
46. Which is true of the scoring rubric?
I. It describes criteria of levels of achievement
II. It has a rating scheme
III. It limit itself to 4 levels of achievement
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II and III
VIEW ANSWER
Option A
Explanation
47. Which guidelines should you follow for behavior modification to be effective?
A. Subject yourself to group pressure
B. Work on several behaviors at the time for a significant change
C. Never use negative reinforcement
D. Work on one behavior at a time
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
Explanation
48. In which phases/s of change, according to Kurt Lewin, do you feel the pain?
A. Transition
B. Unfreezing
C. Refreezing
D. Transition and freezing
VIEW ANSWER
Option A
Explanation
49. In the writing of performance objectives for mastery learning, what is an acceptable standard of performance called?
A. Behavior
B. Condition
C. SMART
D. Criterion measure
VIEW ANSWER
Option D
50. Why learning activities should be carefully planned?
A. The ability of the teacher to plan is tested
B. This is expected by pupils
C. The accomplishment of objectives is dependent on the plan
D. This is required of a teacher
VIEW ANSWER
Option C
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